Discovering the Grace and Heritage of Indian Classical Dance Forms like Bharatanatyam

Indian classical dance transcends mere art; it is a sublime expression of the soul, representing the rich cultural tapestry of India. These dance forms, with their intricate footwork, expressive gestures, and storytelling prowess, capture the essence of Indian mythology, spirituality, and cultural heritage. Of the myriad classical dance forms, Bharatanatyam stands out as one of the most revered and potent expressions of grace and discipline. Its origins are intertwined with the sacred temples of Tamil Nadu, and it has grown to become a powerful symbol of Indian culture, both domestically and internationally.

The beauty of Indian classical dance lies in its diversity. Each dance form tells a unique story, drawing from different regions, cultures, and traditions. These forms include Bharatanatyam from Tamil Nadu, Kathak from North India, Odissi from Odisha, Kathakali from Kerala, and many others, each carrying its distinct flavor and narrative style. The classical dance styles are more than just art forms; they are rituals that connect worship, dance, and music to form a divine dialogue between the dancer and the deity.

Bharatanatyam is celebrated for its blend of expressions, movement, music, and rhythm. It serves as a delicate interplay of the physical, emotional, and spiritual realms. As a dance that requires rigorous discipline and dedication, Bharatanatyam is often described as poetry in motion—a dance form that eloquently conveys stories through facial expressions, precise footwork, and ornate hand gestures called mudras. Performing Bharatanatyam is akin to enacting an elaborate drama, where the dancer becomes both the narrator and the character.

As the world becomes more interconnected, Bharatanatyam, like many Indian classical dances, faces the challenge of adapting while preserving its traditional roots. Despite the pressures of commercialization and the modern entertainment industry, Bharatanatyam continues to thrive, fostered by passionate dancers and informed audiences around the globe. Its survival and prosperity are testament to the dance form’s profound impact on both individual lives and broader cultural dialogues.

Introduction to Indian Classical Dance Forms

India’s classical dances are a window into the country’s rich cultural heritage and deep spiritual traditions. These dance forms are not merely entertainment; they embody an intricate blend of spirituality, storytelling, and history. Each dance form originates from different parts of India, and together they represent the vast diversity of Indian culture. The primary classical dance styles include Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Kathakali, Kuchipudi, Manipuri, Mohiniyattam, Odissi, and Sattriya.

Indian classical dances are built on principles laid out in the “Natya Shastra,” an ancient treatise on drama and dance, written by Bharata Muni. This text outlines various theories of body movements, facial expressions, and stagecraft. These principles form the basis on which all classical dance forms stand, providing a structured framework for both performance and teaching.

The beauty of these dances lies in their ability to communicate stories and emotions through movements and expressions. Dancers are not just performers; they are storytellers who use their bodies as instruments of expression. Each performance is heightened by elements like mudras (hand gestures), abhinaya (expression), and tala (rhythm) which combine to deliver a holistic experience.

Historical Background of Bharatanatyam

The origins of Bharatanatyam are rooted in the ancient temples of Tamil Nadu, South India. Historically referred to as ‘Sadir,’ it was primarily performed by Devadasis, the women dedicated to serving temple deities. It was a dance of devotion, where the Devadasis communicated with the divine through their movements and expressions. Despite its sacred origins, the dance form underwent a period of decline during British rule, facing suppression and being labeled as ‘nautch,’ a derogatory term for Indian dance during the colonial era.

The revival of Bharatanatyam began in the early 20th century, mainly due to the efforts of pioneering artists and enthusiasts who saw the need to preserve and promote India’s cultural heritage. One of the notable figures in this revival is Rukmini Devi Arundale, who redefined the dance form and established it as a respected art. She made significant reforms that elevated the status of Bharatanatyam from the confines of temples to the global stage, setting the tone for modern performances.

Today, Bharatanatyam is a thriving art form, performed widely across the world. Its history is a testament to its resilience, showing how an ancient tradition can adapt and survive in the face of changing sociopolitical climates. The dance form has shed its temple roots to become a cultural ambassador for India, celebrated globally for its profound depth and beauty.

Key Characteristics and Techniques of Bharatanatyam

Bharatanatyam is characterized by its fixed upper torso, bent legs, intricate footwork, and hand gestures that are used to convey a wide range of emotions and narratives. The basic stance of this dance form, known as the ‘aramandi’ or half-sitting posture, forms the foundation of the dance. This posture involves bending the knees outward and lowering the upper body, a position that demands significant strength and flexibility.

The dance form is divided into three components: ‘Nritta’ (pure dance), ‘Nritya’ (expressive dance), and ‘Natya’ (dramatic storytelling). Nritta involves rhythmic movements without any expression, focusing solely on the rhythm and the beauty of movement. Nritya combines rhythm with expressions to convey emotions or themes. Natya represents the narrative aspect, where the dancer embodies characters and tells stories through their movements and expressions.

A unique aspect of Bharatanatyam is its use of mudras or hand gestures. These gestures are not singular but are part of a vocabulary that, when combined, can convey almost any idea, object, or theme. The facial expressions, especially, play a crucial role in this dance form, allowing the dancer to express a wide array of emotions, making performances deeply engaging and relatable.

Cultural Significance of Bharatanatyam in India

Bharatanatyam holds immense cultural significance in India, being a symbol of the country’s artistic and cultural legacy. It is a reflection of the diverse spiritual and cultural roots of Indian society. Through this dance form, artists narrate stories from ancient scriptures, folklore, and mythology, bringing characters and narratives to life. This ability to narrate past legends and divine stories has made Bharatanatyam a revered cultural activity and a critical element in preserving India’s historical and spiritual narratives.

Practitioners of Bharatanatyam serve as cultural ambassadors who carry India’s rich traditions to audiences around the world. Their performances often evoke a sense of pride among Indian communities abroad, helping reinforce cultural identity and continuity. Moreover, Bharatanatyam is not just confined to India; it has found a place on international platforms, becoming a symbol of India’s soft power—a means of expressing cultural diplomacy.

In India, Bharatanatyam is often performed during celebrations and religious functions, serving as a sacred offering to deities. The dance is an inherent part of the cultural traditions of Tamil Nadu, linked to festivals and temple rituals. It provides a spiritual experience, enriching lives not only through its aesthetic beauty but also by connecting them to their spiritual roots and cultural past.

Comparison with Other Indian Classical Dance Forms

Indian classical dance forms share many similarities, given their shared histories and foundational roots in the “Natya Shastra.” However, each dance form has evolved to reflect the unique culture and traditions of its region. Bharatanatyam, with its origins in Tamil Nadu, bears distinct characteristics when compared to Kathak (from North India), which is known for its intricate footwork and swift spins, or Kathakali (from Kerala), renowned for its elaborate costumes and dramatic storytelling.

While Bharatanatyam is marked by its linear and geometric precision, Kathak often portrays stories with graceful hand movements and expressive facial expressions. Odissi, from the state of Odisha, is serpentine and curvaceous, making it visually distinct from the angularity of Bharatanatyam. Mohiniyattam and Kuchipudi focus on feminine grace and expressive storytelling, offering another variant in the tapestry of Indian classical dances.

Despite these differences, all Indian classical dances focus heavily on ‘abhinaya’ or expression, and ‘bhakti’ or devotion, making them a spiritual practice as much as an art form. This common thread is a testament to their power to transcend mere performance, resonating deeply with audiences across cultural and geographical boundaries.

Famous Bharatanatyam Dancers and Their Contributions

Throughout history, there have been several stalwarts in the world of Bharatanatyam who have contributed significantly to its revival and popularity. Rukmini Devi Arundale is often credited for elevating Bharatanatyam from temple performances to the concert stage, giving it global recognition. She founded Kalakshetra in Chennai, an institution dedicated to preserving and teaching the art.

Another legendary figure is Balasaraswati, whose emotive expressiveness and adherence to tradition set her apart as one of the most influential Bharatanatyam dancers of the 20th century. Her performances were noted for their abhinaya, the art of expression, which she used to capture the audiences’ imagination and transport them to a realm of spirituality and emotion.

Contemporary dancers like Malavika Sarukkai and Leela Samson continue to push the boundaries of Bharatanatyam, innovating while remaining rooted in its traditional framework. Their work ensures that Bharatanatyam remains vibrant and relevant, engaging new audiences and inspiring future generations of dancers.

The Role of Music and Costume in Bharatanatyam

Music plays a pivotal role in Bharatanatyam, serving as both backdrop and accompaniment to the performance. Carnatic music, which forms the basis of the dance, is characterized by its rich melody and intricate rhythms. The composer guides the dancer’s movements, creating a symphonic dialogue between dance and music. Instruments typically used include the mridangam (drum), violin, flute, and cymbals, each contributing to the evocative tones that enhance the storytelling.

Costumes in Bharatanatyam are equally important, creating a visually striking image that complements the dancer’s movements. Typically, the costume consists of a richly adorned sari, often made with Kanchipuram silk, designed to highlight the dancer’s movements. Traditional jewelry accents the costume, adding elegance and a regal touch. The headpiece, necklaces, earrings, and bangles all have significant roles, speaking to the cultural and ritual significance of the dance.

The eye makeup, especially the kohl lines that extend from the outer corners of the eyes, is crafted to emphasize the dancer’s expressions, ensuring that facial movements are visible even from a distance. These elements merge to make Bharatanatyam a multisensory experience—a synthesis of sight, sound, and motion that captures the soul of Indian culture.

Learning and Practicing Bharatanatyam: Schools and Gurus

Learning Bharatanatyam is a journey that involves dedication, discipline, and a deep understanding of its cultural context. The training traditionally starts at a young age, often continuing for a lifetime. Integral to this journey are the institutions and gurus who pass down this cultural knowledge. Schools like Kalakshetra in Chennai are pivotal, offering structured curricula and fostering an environment that nurtures both skill and creativity.

Students entering this world undergo rigorous training in basic postures, stamina-building exercises, and developing an understanding of the theoretical aspects of the dance. Institutions also focus on nurturing a sense of rhythm and expression, critical components for mastering the dance form. As apprentices advance in their studies, they undertake performances, known as ‘arangetram,’ signaling their readiness to become performers in their own right.

The guru-shishya (teacher-student) tradition remains central to the transmission of Bharatanatyam. This relationship goes beyond mere instruction, encompassing emotional and spiritual support. The guru imparts not only the technical skills but also the ethos and philosophy of Bharatanatyam, making the learning process an enriching and holistic experience.

Modern Adaptations and Global Influence of Bharatanatyam

In recent decades, Bharatanatyam has expanded beyond its traditional roots to engage with contemporary themes and global audiences. Dancers today are using the traditional framework of Bharatanatyam to explore social issues, experiment with new narratives, and blend the dance with other art forms to reach broader audiences. This adaptability has allowed Bharatanatyam to maintain its relevance while honoring its deep-seated traditions.

Internationally, Bharatanatyam has found a place in global arts festivals and academic programs focusing on dance and cultural studies. Many Western dancers and students show interest in learning Bharatanatyam, often integrating it with other artistic traditions like ballet and modern dance. These cross-cultural exchanges enrich both Bharatanatyam and the global dance landscape, fostering greater appreciation and understanding.

The internet has played a remarkable role in popularizing Bharatanatyam, providing platforms for online learning, performances, and cultural exchange. Dancers use social media to share their work, engage with global audiences, and connect with fellow artists worldwide. This digital presence ensures that Bharatanatyam reaches new audiences, keeping the art form alive and vibrant in an interconnected world.

Challenges and Preservation of Traditional Dance Forms

Despite its grandeur and global influence, Bharatanatyam, like many traditional art forms, faces numerous challenges. The commercialization of art has pressured traditional dance to conform to entertainment industry standards, sometimes causing deviations from its core cultural and spiritual essence. These pressures often lead to a dilution of the dance form, as performers cater to audience preferences over traditional practices.

Another significant challenge is the dwindling interest among the younger generation, who may favor more contemporary forms of dance. In response, there must be concerted efforts to engage youth, emphasizing the artistic and cultural significance of Bharatanatyam, and encouraging them to become practitioners and preservers of the art.

Efforts to preserve Bharatanatyam must also focus on education—both formal and informal. Encouraging local schools to include Indian classical dance in their curriculum can provide exposure to young students. Government and cultural organizations can support initiatives that safeguard traditional forms, promoting awareness and appreciation for these ancient forms of expression.

Conclusion: The Future of Bharatanatyam and Indian Classical Dance

The future of Bharatanatyam looks promising, thanks to the dedicated efforts of dancers, scholars, and cultural enthusiasts who tirelessly work to keep it alive. With a perfect blend of tradition and innovation, Bharatanatyam can continue to flourish, captivating audiences and imparting cultural wisdom across the globe. Technology and globalization, rather than threats, can be leveraged as tools for preservation and outreach, helping Bharatanatyam enter new realms of influence and appreciation.

In preserving Bharatanatyam and other Indian classical dances, we safeguard a vital piece of India’s cultural puzzle. These dance forms, much like shared communal memories, encapsulate the stories and spiritual essence of India. As we look to the future, ensuring their survival and evolution will require a continued commitment from communities and individuals to protect this living heritage, honoring it for generations to come.

FAQ

What is the origin of Bharatanatyam?

Bharatanatyam originated in the temples of Tamil Nadu in South India. It was performed by Devadasis, women dedicated to serving the temple deities, who used dance as a form of worship and storytelling.

How does Bharatanatyam differ from Bollywood dance?

Bharatanatyam is a classical dance form rooted in spirituality, narrative storytelling, and strict techniques, whereas Bollywood dance is a more contemporary and eclectic style used in Indian cinema, drawing from various dance styles including Indian classical dances.

Which institutions are renowned for teaching Bharatanatyam?

Kalakshetra in Chennai is one of the most renowned institutions for Bharatanatyam. It offers structured training programs and fosters an environment where traditional practices are maintained and innovated upon.

What role does music play in a Bharatanatyam performance?

Music is integral to Bharatanatyam, typically based on Carnatic music. It guides the dancer’s movements, providing a rich and rhythmic accompaniment that enhances the storytelling aspect of the performance.

What are mudras, and why are they important in Bharatanatyam?

Mudras are intricate hand gestures used in Bharatanatyam to convey specific meanings, ideas, or emotions. They form a vital vocabulary that helps in the storytelling aspect of the dance.

Can Bharatanatyam be performed by non-Indians?

Yes, Bharatanatyam can be performed by anyone with a passion for the art, irrespective of cultural background. Many non-Indians have learned and excelled in Bharatanatyam, contributing to its global appreciation and reach.

Recap

• Indian classical dances are an integral part of India’s cultural heritage.
• Bharatanatyam, with its strong historical roots, is one of the most cherished Indian classical dance forms.
• Bharatanatyam is characterized by its distinct techniques, including mudras and abhinaya.
• The dance form holds cultural significance, representing India globally.
• Bharatanatyam shares similarities and differences with other Indian classical dances, each unique in its narrative style.
• Renowned dancers and institutions play a pivotal role in preserving and promoting Bharatanatyam.
• The role of music, costume, and digital platforms continues to shape its practice and performance.
• Despite challenges, Bharatanatyam adapts and thrives globally.

Conclusion

The journey of Bharatanatyam from the inner sanctums of ancient temples to international stages is a testament to its resilience and adaptability. As a custodian of cultural narratives, this dance form possesses the power to transcend temporal and spatial barriers, connecting the past with the present and potentially shaping the future. While challenges persist, the passionate dedication of artists and patrons ensures that Bharatanatyam, with its profound beauty and storytelling prowess, will continue to touch the hearts and souls of audiences worldwide. As such, it remains not only a cultural treasure of India but a universal legacy for generations to come.